### 15.1 Loop representation

This chapter describes the representation of loops in GCC, and functions that can be used to build, modify and analyze this representation. Most of the interfaces and data structures are declared in `cfgloop.h`. Loop structures are analyzed and this information disposed or updated at the discretion of individual passes. Still most of the generic CFG manipulation routines are aware of loop structures and try to keep them up-to-date. By this means an increasing part of the compilation pipeline is setup to maintain loop structure across passes to allow attaching meta information to individual loops for consumption by later passes.

In general, a natural loop has one entry block (header) and possibly several back edges (latches) leading to the header from the inside of the loop. Loops with several latches may appear if several loops share a single header, or if there is a branching in the middle of the loop. The representation of loops in GCC however allows only loops with a single latch. During loop analysis, headers of such loops are split and forwarder blocks are created in order to disambiguate their structures. Heuristic based on profile information and structure of the induction variables in the loops is used to determine whether the latches correspond to sub-loops or to control flow in a single loop. This means that the analysis sometimes changes the CFG, and if you run it in the middle of an optimization pass, you must be able to deal with the new blocks. You may avoid CFG changes by passing `LOOPS_MAY_HAVE_MULTIPLE_LATCHES` flag to the loop discovery, note however that most other loop manipulation functions will not work correctly for loops with multiple latch edges (the functions that only query membership of blocks to loops and subloop relationships, or enumerate and test loop exits, can be expected to work).

Body of the loop is the set of blocks that are dominated by its header, and reachable from its latch against the direction of edges in CFG. The loops are organized in a containment hierarchy (tree) such that all the loops immediately contained inside loop L are the children of L in the tree. This tree is represented by the `struct loops` structure. The root of this tree is a fake loop that contains all blocks in the function. Each of the loops is represented in a `struct loop` structure. Each loop is assigned an index (`num` field of the `struct loop` structure), and the pointer to the loop is stored in the corresponding field of the `larray` vector in the loops structure. The indices do not have to be continuous, there may be empty (`NULL`) entries in the `larray` created by deleting loops. Also, there is no guarantee on the relative order of a loop and its subloops in the numbering. The index of a loop never changes.

The entries of the `larray` field should not be accessed directly. The function `get_loop` returns the loop description for a loop with the given index. `number_of_loops` function returns number of loops in the function. To traverse all loops, use `FOR_EACH_LOOP` macro. The `flags` argument of the macro is used to determine the direction of traversal and the set of loops visited. Each loop is guaranteed to be visited exactly once, regardless of the changes to the loop tree, and the loops may be removed during the traversal. The newly created loops are never traversed, if they need to be visited, this must be done separately after their creation. The `FOR_EACH_LOOP` macro allocates temporary variables. If the `FOR_EACH_LOOP` loop were ended using break or goto, they would not be released; `FOR_EACH_LOOP_BREAK` macro must be used instead.

Each basic block contains the reference to the innermost loop it belongs to (`loop_father`). For this reason, it is only possible to have one `struct loops` structure initialized at the same time for each CFG. The global variable `current_loops` contains the `struct loops` structure. Many of the loop manipulation functions assume that dominance information is up-to-date.

The loops are analyzed through `loop_optimizer_init` function. The argument of this function is a set of flags represented in an integer bitmask. These flags specify what other properties of the loop structures should be calculated/enforced and preserved later:

- `LOOPS_MAY_HAVE_MULTIPLE_LATCHES`: If this flag is set, no changes to CFG will be performed in the loop analysis, in particular, loops with multiple latch edges will not be disambiguated. If a loop has multiple latches, its latch block is set to NULL. Most of the loop manipulation functions will not work for loops in this shape. No other flags that require CFG changes can be passed to loop_optimizer_init.
- `LOOPS_HAVE_PREHEADERS`: Forwarder blocks are created in such a way that each loop has only one entry edge, and additionally, the source block of this entry edge has only one successor. This creates a natural place where the code can be moved out of the loop, and ensures that the entry edge of the loop leads from its immediate super-loop.
- `LOOPS_HAVE_SIMPLE_LATCHES`: Forwarder blocks are created to force the latch block of each loop to have only one successor. This ensures that the latch of the loop does not belong to any of its sub-loops, and makes manipulation with the loops significantly easier. Most of the loop manipulation functions assume that the loops are in this shape. Note that with this flag, the “normal” loop without any control flow inside and with one exit consists of two basic blocks.
- `LOOPS_HAVE_MARKED_IRREDUCIBLE_REGIONS`: Basic blocks and edges in the strongly connected components that are not natural loops (have more than one entry block) are marked with `BB_IRREDUCIBLE_LOOP` and `EDGE_IRREDUCIBLE_LOOP` flags. The flag is not set for blocks and edges that belong to natural loops that are in such an irreducible region (but it is set for the entry and exit edges of such a loop, if they lead to/from this region).
- `LOOPS_HAVE_RECORDED_EXITS`: The lists of exits are recorded and updated for each loop. This makes some functions (e.g., `get_loop_exit_edges`) more efficient. Some functions (e.g., `single_exit`) can be used only if the lists of exits are recorded.

These properties may also be computed/enforced later, using functions `create_preheaders`, `force_single_succ_latches`, `mark_irreducible_loops` and `record_loop_exits`. The properties can be queried using `loops_state_satisfies_p`.

The memory occupied by the loops structures should be freed with `loop_optimizer_finalize` function. When loop structures are setup to be preserved across passes this function reduces the information to be kept up-to-date to a minimum (only `LOOPS_MAY_HAVE_MULTIPLE_LATCHES` set).

The CFG manipulation functions in general do not update loop structures. Specialized versions that additionally do so are provided for the most common tasks. On GIMPLE, `cleanup_tree_cfg_loop` function can be used to cleanup CFG while updating the loops structures if `current_loops` is set.

At the moment loop structure is preserved from the start of GIMPLE loop optimizations until the end of RTL loop optimizations. During this time a loop can be tracked by its `struct loop` and number.